Organizational Culture The Smartest Guys Of The Room

According to Robbins and Judge, organizational culture is, â€Å"a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations† (Robbins 249). A strong organizational culture is one whose organization’s core values are both intensely held and widely shared. After viewing Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room, it is obvious that Enron had not only an organizational culture that was strong, but one that was extreme and aggressive. This aggressive and strong organizational culture discouraged both teamwork and ethical behavior and in the end it only plagued Enron until it eventually collapsed under its downfall. The aggressive organizational culture started with Enron’s founder, Ken Lay, and other members of its top management such as Jeffrey Skilling and Lou Pai. From there it trickled down into those who worked under Enron’s top management such as traders and other employees. The aggressive culture then starts in the established criteria for new workers who are meant to fit into the founder’s philosophy of the organization and its culture. Enron searched for those who showed great potential, who graduated from some of the best universities in the world, and for â€Å"guys with spikes† who were former nerds that felt they had something to prove by working aggressively to get rich fast. The last criteria is important to note, because Jeffrey Skilling was considered to be one of those â€Å"guys with spikes†, and those who worked under him idolized hisShow MoreRelatedEnron : The Smartest Guys1384 Words   |  6 PagesEnron: The Smartest Guys in the Room Org anizational Movie Paper Enron Corporation’s failure in the year of 2001 has become a depiction of unethical corporate behavior for years to come. After having watched Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room; I found many organizational communications course concepts could be brought to our attention within the documentary. To further our understanding, I will offer my insight as to how class-related concepts connect with the documentary by discussing how EnronRead MoreEnrons Organizational Culture : Enron1643 Words   |  7 Pagesand fall so quickly? The key in analysing this question lies in Enron’s organizational culture, which is defined as â€Å"a shared meaning held by members distinguishing an organization† (Robbins and Judge, Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 269). During its prime, Enron appeared to be a successful and innovative company, but in reality was a company rooted in an organizational culture of corruption and greed. The five culture dimensions of stability, risk ta king and innovation, attention to detailRead MoreManagement and Organizational Structure1043 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Structures Ahmed Bassyouni University of Phoenix Sep 28, 2010 William Noble Some organizational theories could explain the Enron’s failure. Looking at the organizational structure and management of Enron, The structures were flat before the bureaucratic structure developed, then the bureaucratic structures developed in order to increase control. There were vertical structures where there was high level of control and according to theories the organizational circle is movingRead MoreEnron: Corporate Culture3743 Words   |  15 PagesENRON Corporate Culture Q1: Analyse the corporate culture at Enron and its management’s behaviour. Include in your analysis, the normative theory of ethics which you would consider most relevant in driving the decision making at Enron. Enron began by merger of two Houston pipeline companies in 1985, although as a new company Enron faced a lot of financial difficulties in the starting years, though the company was able to survive these financial problems (Enron Ethics, 2010). In 1988 the deregulationRead MoreThe Smartest Guys At The Room1261 Words   |  6 Pagesfamiliar with what has become one of America’s horror stories. It is a story about the American dream and promise gone amuck. The conclusion of the story is one that has shaped the way businesses operate ever since. The documentary Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room (Gibney, 2005) examines the ethical blunders of the natural gas/energy company Enron. Alex Gibney (2005), director and producer for the documentary, focuses on the role of three men who were credited as being key players in the downfall ofRead MoreA Film Review of Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room666 Words   |  3 PagesAbstract This is a review of the movie, Enron: The Smart Guys in the Room. The paper analyses the themes that contributed to the downfall of Enron. It also considers steps that Human Resources would have taken given the chance, in addressing the issues that contributed to the collapse of the Company. Factor That Led To Enrons Downfall According to the documentary Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room, it seems that one major reasons that led to Enrons down fall was; unethical corporate behaviorRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Enron Collapse Of Enron1366 Words   |  6 PagesCulture of Enron Before Enron bankruptcy it was one of America’s most powerful and successful energy companies. The company thrived and pushed to be number one no matter the circumstance, in this company’s case if it meant doing it illegally. Fraud accounting, auditing, energy trading, and illegal finance was the company’s downfall leading to corruption and most of all greed. Enron was aggressive and a competitive environment. The documentary was just not giving the name â€Å"The Smartest Guys in theRead MoreThe Leadership Styles Of The Executive Staff1383 Words   |  6 Pageswas considered the company’s visionary. He once declared, â€Å"I am Enron!† Because his perception of his own good fortune directly correlated with that of his company’s, he desperately needed Enron to succeed. Skilling promoted a risk-driven business culture; he planned exclusive, dangerous outdoor sporting retreats with his friends and top clients, which left the employees captiva ted and inspired to take risks for the company. Both Lay and Skilling had legitimate corporate power and were charismaticRead MoreImproving Ethical Behavior Is An Important Area Where Better Understanding Of Organization Behavior817 Words   |  4 Pages Improving ethical behavior is an important area where better understanding of organization behavior helps managers to train employees and tackle the ethical implications well. In an organizational world characterized by cutbacks, expectations of increasing productivity, and tough competition, it’s not surprising many employees feel pressured to cut corners, break rules, and engage in other questionable practices. Increasingly they face ethical dilemmas and ethical choices, in which they are requiredRead MoreThe Impact Of Organizational Culture On Enron s Predicament And Understands How These Behaviors Were Cultivated And Reinforced1460 Words   |  6 Pagesto organization culture. The aim of this paper is to examine the imp act of organizational culture on Enron’s predicament and understands how these behaviors were cultivated and reinforced. The organizational culture, strengthened by social control, normalized unethical practices that caused the failure of Enron. The organizational culture at Enron is unique and unconventional. The source of Enron’s stems from the company’s founders Ken Lay and Jeff Skilling. They fostered a culture based on the biological

Book Review- Share Jesus Without Fear Essay examples

Book Review: Share Jesus Without Fear Author Information William Fay began his walk and personal relationship with Jesus Christ in 1981. Before this, he was the President and Chief Executive Officer of a multi-million-dollar corporation linked to the Mafia, which was involved in racketeering, bookmaking and gambling. He also owned one of the largest brothels in the United States. After receiving Jesus, he went to Bible school and graduated from Denver Seminary in 1987. He is now a renowned evangelist who has written many books on contemporary evangelism. He is also a pastor, chaplain and nationally syndicated radio personality, who has shared his faith with over twenty five thousand of people. Linda Evans Shepherd is the co-author†¦show more content†¦Evaluation As he addresses extensively the subject of evangelism, it appears that Fay is very confident that is book is well needed due to the â€Å"sin of silence† that has gripped the Church and the body of Christ, in general. He has a powerful style that uses examples from his personal life and experiences to shows his reader that it is easy to share the Gospel. He also uses witnessing examples from the lives of various Christians to show the readers that they too can share the gospel without fear. He advocates a simple and non-confrontational approach to evangelism and states that God can use even imperfect attempts to share the Gospel. What God cannot use is the Christian’s silence about the Gospel. Though many of Fay’s examples are success stories, he also gives examples when non-believers do not accept Jesus and states that even where conversion does not take place, the believer who witnesses is still successful because of his or her obedience. He argues that evangelism is not about bringing people to Jesus or â€Å"winning souls† but it is about obedience (p.3). He even implies that success is not to be measured by the number of people saved but by obedience in acting out our Christian lives, sharing the gospel and believing God for the results. This challenges a lot of churches and believers who have fallen in the trap of measuring their success based on the number of people who have accepted Jesus and yet it is the Holy spirit who does the work of conversionShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Expectations Without Fear By William Fay1707 Words   |  7 Pages4MAT Book Review of Share Jesus Without Fear by William Fay Todd Bush EVAN 525: Contemporary Evangelism Instructor: Dr. Jeff Ward June 11, 2016 Abstract William Fay lays out the structure of how a Christian can adequately and courageously share their confidence in Share Jesus Without Fear. The book sets up extremely well as Fay s techniques are pragmatic and conversational. The inquiries and Scriptures that he directs the peruser through are not hard to recall or comprehend,Read MoreEssay On Jonathan Edwards1291 Words   |  6 Pagesoriginal philosophical theologians of all times. In my Prospectus paper, I will be discussing the sermons and the works of Jonathan Edwards. Jonathan Edwards was a special kind of man, his words when spoke during his sermons and preaching struck complete fear straight into the hearts of his listeners. Jonathan Edwards when compared to other preachers of his time to include Whitfield, Davies and Brainard was the most powerful speaker of his time. It was Jonathan Edwards who started the Great Awakening, heRead MoreLeadership Character And Ethics Matter Written By R. Gordon Fisher And Perry J. Martini867 W ords   |  4 PagesWhen asked to conduct a review of a book pertaining to leadership, I immediately chose Inspiring Leadership Character and Ethics Matter written by R. Stewart Fisher and Perry J. Martini. This book suggested on the United States Navy’s Recommended Reading List (The Blue Jacket s Manual , 2015) in addition to multiple universities including Regent University. The focus of this book is based on one basic principle: doing the right thing and making the right leadership decisions based on the characterRead MoreJoseph Smith Believed The Laminites Were The Ancestors Of The Native American Indians Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pagesplaced in pits, scaffolds, trees, or in canoes. This sent the individual off into the spiritual world. They clearly were not adverse to cremation that was prevalent in the Mormon community. However, Jesus confirms, â€Å"And do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. Rather fear him who can destroy both soul and bo dy in hell† (Matt 10:28). This implies only one soul per body. This is another misconception due to the limited understanding of humans over God’s divine nature. 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Zara Business Case - 15365 Words

9-703-497 REV: DECEMBER 21, 2006 PANKAJ GHEMAWAT JOSÉ LUIS NUENO ZARA: Fast Fashion Fashion is the imitation of a given example and satisfies the demand for social adaptation. . . . The more an article becomes subject to rapid changes of fashion, the greater the demand for cheap products of its kind. — Georg Simmel, â€Å"Fashion† (1904) Inditex (Industria de Diseà ±o Textil) of Spain, the owner of Zara and five other apparel retailing chains, continued a trajectory of rapid, profitable growth by posting net income of â‚ ¬ 340 million on â‚ ¬ revenues of â‚ ¬ 3,250 million in its fiscal year 2001 (ending January 31, 2002). Inditex had had a heavily â‚ ¬ oversubscribed Initial Public Offering in May 2001. Over the next 12 months, its stock price†¦show more content†¦Proximity also mattered because it reduced shipping costs and lags, and because poorer neighbors sometimes benefited from trade concessions. While China became an export powerhouse across the board, greater regionalization was the dominant motif of changes in the appare l trade in the 1990s. Turkey, North Africa, and sundry Eastern European countries emerged as major suppliers to the European Union; Mexico and the Caribbean Basin as major suppliers to the United States; and China as the dominant supplier to Japan (where there were no quotas to restrict imports).3 World trade in apparel and textiles continued to be regulated by the Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA), which had restricted imports into certain markets (basically the United States, Canada, and Western Europe) since 1974. Two decades later, agreement was reached to phase out the MFA’s quota system by 2005, and to further reduce tariffs (which averaged 7% to 9% in the major markets). As of 2002, some warned that the transition to the post-MFA world could prove enormously disruptive for suppliers in many exporting and importing countries, and might even ignite demands for â€Å"managed trade.† There was alsoShow MoreRelatedZara Business Model (Case Analysis)2398 Words   |  10 PagesZara Case Quest 4/5/2011 Done By: Faisal Alsawaihan Zara case Quest What Business is Zara In? (Business model) Zara is one of the Inditex group, which they mainly in the apparel industry. It considers the most successful brand in this group and most of profit margin is coming from Zara stores that are widespread around the world (76countries) and their main products of apparel are for men, women, and kids. As we can see from the article (It for fast fashion) and Zara’s annual report in 2009, theRead MoreBusiness Analysis Of Zara, The Leading And The Profitable Brand Of Inditex1592 Words   |  7 Pages1. Executive Summary This case paper presents the business analysis of Zara, the leading and the profitable brand of Inditex. The case paper’s objective is to discuss whether to update the current DOS/IT infrastructure and evaluate the effects of the upgrade. It presents the IS implementation opportunities and evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation. It concludes by providing recommendations for updating the current OS along with its advantages. The approach to analysis includes lookingRead MoreZara Case Study986 Words   |  4 PagesZara is the flagship brand of the Spanish retail group, Inditex SA, one of the super-heated performers in a soft retail market in recent years. When Indtiex offered a 23 percent stake to the public in 2001, the issue was over-subscribed 26 times raising Euro2.1 billion for the company. Zara is unique model in business world today it has its own principles which may varies from its competitors in the same industry starting from production strategy ending with supply chain management strategy, theseRead MoreZara Case Write-Up Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesCase 2: Zara 1. What are the essential elements of Zara’s business model? The business idea of Zara is to link customer demand to manufacturing, and to link manufacturing to distribution. And based on this general idea, Zara has several essential elements for its business model. First, speed and decision making, which means that in the external level, Zara need to respond very quickly to demands of target customers, and always keep in style. While for the inside, Zara treasure intelligenceRead MoreZara International Case Study1000 Words   |  4 PagesZara International was a retail shop originated in La Coruna, Spain in 1975. It was clothing and accessories shop and imitated the latest fashion trends and sold them at a lower cost. It became Zara International after entering Portugal in 1988 and then the United States and France in the 1990s. The distributor for this brand is Inditex and is considered the most successful retail chain in the world. Zara has a business strategy that is very different from the retailers nowadays. If a customer ordersRe ad MoreZaras Case Study1373 Words   |  6 Pagesdoes it differ from its Competitors? â€Å"Zara has pioneered leading-edge fashion clothes for budget minded young adults through a tightly integrated vertical structure that cuts delivery time between a garment’s design and retail delivery to under three weeks (against the industry norm of three to six months)† (Grant, 2010, p.212) According to Clayton Christensen in order to process you Value Proposition you must look at the following (Harvard Business Review) Zara’s value proposition isRead MoreSupply Chain Management Practices of Spanish Garments Retailer Zara,1124 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction This case discusses the unique supply chain management practices of Spanish garments retailer Zara, which enabled it to gain competitive advantage over other fashion retailers in the world. Zaras vertically integrated supply chain system enabled the company to place the latest designs in any store across the world within a period of two to three weeks. The company produced garments as per the latest trends in a limited quantity. Zara introduced 12,000 designs every year, with newRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management1112 Words   |  5 Pages INTRODUCTION Top business companies in the world have discovered their own valuable strategy which makes their business superior than others. The secret is supply chain management (SCM) and it includes all integrated activities that from manufacture the product to customer service. SCM integrates the transportation and storage of raw materials , inventory, and finished goods from initial supplier to ultimate customer. Successful SCM coordinates everything into a seamless process. It connects allRead MoreAssignment Zaras778 Words   |  4 PagesYou are asked to read: Zara: IT for Fast Fashion. Then, you are required to use the following questions to format/organize your response (for the sake of brevity and clarity limit yourself to answering the questions concisely). Please read all the instructions carefully and comply by all of them. Please do not bypass/ignore the instructions or requirements—else points will be deducted. I. Problem Definition 1a. What is the key problem facing Zara executives? 1b. What are the sub-components ofRead MoreZara Case620 Words   |  3 PagesDEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTANCY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS MEMORANDUM TO:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mario Schijven FROM:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yue Ma DATE:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  September 28th, 2015    SUBJECT:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Zara’s Value Chain (Zara Case) Zara’s value chain differs from the other traditional models a lot. The design and creation rely extensively on copying fashion trends observed at the fashion shoes and at competitors’ points of sale, which based on buyers and designers alike. Value Chain Zara’s value chain is supported

Auditing and Professional Practice Global Accounting

Question: Describe about the Auditing and Professional Practice for Global Accounting. Answer: Part A: Audit planning Preliminary judgment of materiality Audit planning refers to the process to evaluate the correctness and validate all the proceedings related to the financial statements and recording produced by a company. The key objective of the audit planning in the company is to ensure that the financial statements are reported with transparency, so as to avoid any harm to the stakeholders interests to the company (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, 2016). Hence, while making a preliminary judgment, these factors will be taken into account. Analytical review At the onset, Bobs Bikes can be observed as performing fairly well according to the financial statements produced for 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. However, a comparative observation of the two years statements reveals chances of possible misstatements, which must be addressed prudently. Five accounts selected and rationales The five accounts that have been considered for the purpose of audit testing from the trial balance are depreciation account, interest expense account, sales account, cost of sales account and other income accounts. Depreciation Account The depreciation reported for 2014-2015 is $15,590 while the increases substantially in the next fiscal year of 2015-1016 to $28,916, which is almost twice the amount, reported in the previous fiscal year. It can also be observed from the trial balance that the amounts of all the assets, which include machinery, furniture and motors vehicle, for both the accounting periods, are same. Even though having the same amount for both the years, a huge difference in the depreciation amounts can be witnessed that may be erroneous. Accumulated Depreciation Account The amount for the machinery for the year 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 is recorded as $ 65,000 but the accumulated depreciation for both the years has changed significantly, as the depreciation amount for the year 2014-2015 has been recorded as $24,375 whereas the amount for the year 2015-2016 of the depreciation is shown as $46,041. A similar observation can also be obtained when assessing the values reported for motor vehicles and furniture where the depreciation amount for the motor vehicles and furniture has increased by $6,500 and $750 respectively. Interest Expense Account The second account taken for the purpose of auditing is the interest expense account. The amount for the interest expense recorded for the year 2014-2015 shows its value as $10,750 and the amount for the year 2015-2016 can seen as $8,958. However, the loans for both the years are recorded as $215,000, which indicates that the interest for both the years also had to be same. As per the trial balance of Bobs Bike, the disclosure of the same loan amount and different amounts for interest expense indicates a possibility of misstatement in the accounts maintained for interest expense, which needs further investigation. Cost of Sales Account The sales for the year 2014-2015 has been recorded as $187,450 and the sales for the year 2015-2016 has been recorded as $201,515, which shows a rise in the companys sales revenue by $14,065. Sales growth also leads to increase in the cost of sales. In other words, as there has been increase in the sales of the Bob Bikes during the year 2015-2016, the cost of sales also needs to increase. However, as per the trial balance of the Bob Bikes, the cost of sales has instead decreased by $10,324, which also hints towards a possible misrepresentation of facts. Hence, this account also needs to be evaluated correctly. Other Income Account The amount for the other income for the year 2014-2015 has been shown as $25,000 whereas the amount of other income has been recorded as $1,000, which shows a vast difference of $24,000 in just one year. It indicates that the owner of Bobs Bike is trying to hide the true income of the company or due to erroneous reporting. Apparently, the difference in the amount of other income needs proper auditing in order to make the financial statements error free. Part B: Sample Selection Explanation/demonstration of sampling technique The account selected for the purpose of sample selection is the sales account. The population for samples considered in this study included multiple options, such as the sales account, consultancy fees account, other income account an interest income account. As the sales transactions of Bobs Bike had changed substantially, with greater value addition that other accounts, which could have been motivated by the intent to show greater profit or income of the company, it was selected as the sample for further assessment. Moreover, as a disclosure to company income, its holds considerable importance that was also a reason for its selection. Sales, in terms of bookkeeping, can be defined as revenue generated by the company by selling the products or by providing services to its customers. Income from sales is directly reported in the income statement (CTI Reviews, 2016). Sales accounting is one of the most essential tasks for any organization commencing a business. It ensures that all rev enues and incomes are accounted and transferred with transparency to the company records. Sales can be of two types, i.e. cash sales and credit sales. Sales involving direct payment for the product or the services are referred as the cash sales. It includes immediate payment of cash to the seller, wherein, as soon as the customers pay the seller, the transaction is over. The amount received is subsequently shown in the sales account (Kotas Conlan, 1997). A credit sale, on the other hand, refers to the payments made by the customers in instalments (City of Lakewood, 2016). Notably, for the selection of this particular account rather than other accounts from the ledger records, the random sampling process was used. Benefits of selected sampling technique The random sampling technique of random sampling presumes that all the sampling units possess equal chances to be included in the sampling frame for the study and therefore, is effective to remove biases from the sampling process (Frerichs, 2008). The ledgers taken for the auditing processes included transactions recorded as on 10th of July 2015, 14th of August 2015, 25th of September of 2015, and that of 2nd of October 2015 along with the transaction recorded on 19th of February 2016. The amount transacted on 10th of July amounted to be $8,000, for 14th August, it was recorded as $5,200 and for 25th September as $5,300. The amount of sales done at 2nd October was recorded as $6,250 and the transaction done at 19th February was recorded as $6,200. The advantages of random sampling, in this case were identified as its ability to offer an understanding of the overall activities of the population, only transactions recorded in the companys sales account for the fiscal year 2015-2016. Accordingly, the sampling technique would enable a prominent understanding as to whether misrepresentation was conducted when recording the sales invoices in the account (ACCA Global, 2015). Stating precisely, systematic sampling is often regarded as the modified version of random sampling, which is also known as the Nth name selection technique. Accordingly thus, after the calculations of required size of the sample, the selections of the Nth record was conducted from the population numbers (StatPac Inc, 2014). Nonetheless, the sampling technique also involves certain disadvantages. For instance, it assumes that the population size can be practically estimated, which increases the chances of biases in the process, as it restricts equal chances for the samples to be included in the study and hence, may lead to either over or under representation of the sample. This method can be inefficient in case of heterogeneous population, as observed in this case (Arizona Board of Regent, 2016). System sampling also requires complete set of population. Improper arrangement of the population taken may result in inefficient sampling, wherein the estimation of the variance cannot be ob tained by conducting single sampling of the population (Statistical Institute for Asia and the Pacific, 2015). In order to reduce the chances of biases thus, the selection criteria set for the sampling process ensured that only values above $5,000 were, which would offer a better understanding of the risk of misrepresentations in the ledger account and the records provided through the financial statements for the year 2015-2016. Table 1: Transactions taken for random sampling method of the sales account of Bobs Bike Part C: Considerations in substantive testing and collecting audit evidence The reason for adopting the random sampling technique in part B was its usefulness in making unbiased selections. Moreover, it also added to the convenience of selecting samples from the relatively large population of the sample units. As the sales account is suspected to contain misstatements, completeness of the financial reports is more concerning (Cengage Learning, 2002). The audit procedure that would be more appropriate in case of Bobs Bike is tracing, as it is essential to do sampling of the sales ledger in order to specify their existence through the mechanism (ACCA, 2015). Occurrence, often referred as the existence, can also be considered as an assertion in identifying the receivables, cash balances and sales, which are recorded and have actually occurred (ACCA, 2015). The income account shows a significant difference in the amount of 24,000, which shows that the recorded transaction is false. Hence, more information in this regard should be sought for. The error in the financial statement is not acceptable, as it would lead to a change in the overall income recorded by the company, which might otherwise provide the shareholders with false information regarding its financial positioning. The objective of the test of controls is to assess if effective control is ensured. However, it does not evaluate monetary errors directly, whereas substantive testing, on the other hand, allows finding the monetary errors (Prentice Hall Business Publishing, 2008). Both these techniques can hence complement each other and mitigate the limitations. Financial planning is one of the most essential functions of a business. It is important to understand the purpose of reporting a financial statement. The auditor should also know the approaches to be used in accordance (Government of Alberta, 2016). Part-year trial balance statement can be sought when there is a need to adjust the amounts recorded in the financial statements by the company. An auditor may seek for an unadjusted trial balance in order to evaluate the correctness of the reports maintained and identify the suspected errors in reporting more precisely (Hall, 2015). References ACCA, Global 2015, Audit Sampling, Global, viewed 5 September 2016, https://www.accaglobal.com/gb/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f8/technical-articles/audit-sampling.html ACCA, 2015, Audit Evidence and Specific Considerations for Certain Items, Home, viewed 5 September 2016, https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/discover/cpd-articles/audit-assurance/specific-considerations.html Arizona Board of Regent, 2016, Simple random sampling and systematic sampling, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, pp. 3-15. Cengage Learning, Substantive test in the revenue/receipt cycle: Sales, receivable, cash and management discretion in revenue recognition, Chapter 10, pp. 365-409. City of Lakewood, 2016, Credit Sales, Home, viewed 5 September 2016, https://www.lakewood.org/City_Clerk/Codes_and_Laws/Municipal_Code/Title_3_-_Revenue_and_Finance/Chapter_3_01_-_Sales_and_Use_Tax/2147487499/ Frerichs, R. R., 2008, Simple random sampling, Rapid Surveys, pp. 1-44. Government of Alberta, 2016, Preparing Financial Projections and Monitoring Results, About the Ministry, viewed 5 September 2016, https://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/bdv12845 Hall, J. A., 2015, Information Technology Auditing, Cengage Learning, Boston. Kotas, R. Conlan, M., 1997, Hospitality accounting, Cengage Learning EMEA, UK. Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Audit sampling for tests of details of balances, Chapter 17, pp. 1-44. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, 2016, AS 2101: Audit Planning, PCAOB, viewed 5 September 2016, https://pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/Pages/AS2101.aspx Statistical Institute for Asia and the Pacific, 2015, Module 2: Review of basics of sampling methods: probability sampling, sample selection and sample design and estimation, Systematic sampling, pp. 1-6. StatPac Inc, 2016, Survey Sampling Methods, Table of Contents, viewed 5 September 2016, https://www.statpac.com/surveys/sampling.htm Wilson, J. H., 2015, Business forecasting, Content Technologies Inc., California.